Understanding the Different Types of Total Stations for Land Surveying

A total station is one of the most essential tools in modern land surveying. Think of it as a two-in-one device: It does what a theodolite and an electronic distance meter (EDM) do – plus more.

Here’s what that means for you:

• Angle and distance measurements in one: A total station measures horizontal and vertical angles and calculates distances at the same time. You don’t need separate tools to get the full picture.
• Built-in software: Most total stations now include software that does the math for you. You can store data, calculate coordinates, or map points directly on the screen.
• Bluetooth and USB options: You can connect the total station to a data collector or computer using Bluetooth or cables, making it easy to save and transfer your measurements.

What Are Total Stations Used For?

Surveyors and engineers rely on total stations for a wide range of jobs. Some of the most common include:

• Engineering surveys – laying out roads, bridges, or building foundations
• Topographic mapping – collecting data to create elevation maps
• Construction layout – marking exact spots for structures or utilities
• Boundary surveys – measuring property lines with high accuracy

Because they’re so versatile, total stations are used anywhere precision is a must. Now, let’s examine the main types of total stations: traditional, robotic, and reflectorless.

Traditional Total Stations: Precision with Hands-On Control

Traditional total stations are the original workhorses of land surveying. They don’t rely on automation, which means they need more hands-on effort, but they’re also straightforward, reliable, and cost-effective.

Here’s what sets them apart:

• You’ll need two people: One person operates the instrument while the other holds the pole and prism at the target point. Communication and teamwork are key here.
• Great for simple jobs: Traditional stations work well for basic construction layout, checking grades, or running surveys on small-to-medium sites.
• Budget-friendly: If you're not ready to invest in robotic gear, traditional models are a smart way to get started or outfit a secondary crew.

These tools are especially popular with smaller survey teams or companies doing consistent, repeatable work where speed isn’t the top concern.

Robotic Total Stations: Automation for One-Person Crews

Robotic total stations combine everything a traditional station can do with smart automation to make the job faster and easier, especially for solo surveyors.

Here’s how they stand out:

• One person can do it all: These systems use motorized tracking to follow a prism automatically, so you don’t need a second crew member to operate the instrument. You control everything remotely.
• Faster and more efficient: Robotic total stations help you move quickly without sacrificing accuracy on busy or complex sites. They’re perfect for high-volume jobs where speed matters.
• Smart tech built-in: Many models have Bluetooth and Android compatibility and onboard software streamlining data collection and syncing.

Robotic stations are a game-changer if you manage tight deadlines, cover large areas, or work with limited staff.

For a complete comparison, read Traditional or Robotic Total Station? A Surveyor’s Guide to Picking the Right Tool.

Reflectorless Total Stations: Built for Safety and Speed

Reflectorless total stations let you measure without a prism at the target point. That means you can collect data from a safe distance – no climbing, crossing busy roads, or sending someone into rough terrain.

Here’s why that matters:

• Comes as a feature: You’ll find reflectorless capability on many traditional and robotic models. It’s a flexible tool that adds extra convenience when full setups aren’t practical.
• No prism needed: Just aim and shoot. These stations use a laser to measure distance directly to a surface, which makes solo work safer and faster.
• Great for tough locations: Think cliffs, rooftops, deep ditches, or active roadways. Anywhere it’s hard (or risky) to place a prism.

Check out What Is a Reflectorless Total Station? Advantages and Limitations for an expanded look into this feature.

Other Specialized Total Station Variants

While traditional, robotic, and reflectorless total stations cover most jobs, a few specialized types are worth knowing, especially if you're tackling complex or tech-heavy projects.

Not every job requires this level of tech, but if yours does, it’s good to know the options are available. Here are a couple of standout variants:

• Imaging Total Stations: These have built-in cameras that snap photos while you measure. It’s a great way to document job sites or tie visual references to your data for clearer reporting.
• Hybrid Total Stations: These combine robotic total station features with GNSS (GPS-based) capabilities. This means you can switch between optical and satellite tracking depending on the site’s needs.

These advanced tools are often used in projects like infrastructure planning, forensic surveys, or underground utility mapping, where accuracy, documentation, and flexibility all matter.

For more on GPS and total stations, read Handheld GPS Units vs. Total Stations.

Product Spotlight from Baseline Equipment

Looking for trusted tools to get the job done right? We offer a professional-grade total station lineup that balances precision, reliability, and modern features.

Here are a few standout options:

Stonex R25LR – A versatile reflectorless total station with a range of up to 1,000 meters. Ideal for crews who want flexibility in the field without giving up accuracy.

Stonex R60 – This traditional/robotic hybrid runs on Android, offering smooth controls, built-in software, and wireless connectivity all in one unit.

Stonex R180 – A full robotic total station built for fast-paced job sites. With automated tracking and advanced automation, it’s perfect for solo operators who need speed and precision.

Whether upgrading your gear or building a new kit, these models are ready to support your workflow.

Total Station Technology, Tailored to the Task

Each model offers unique strengths: some speed up workflows, others reduce crew size, and many bring flexibility to unpredictable job sites. When matched to the right project, the right total station can boost accuracy, safety, and productivity.

If you're ready to upgrade your gear or explore your options, we’re here to help –  explore our Total Stations.

Let’s make sure you have the tools you need to do the job right, every time.